Guerrero,Anaheim,Angels,The,$19,Out,2009,Sports Mem, Cards Fan Shop , Sports Stickers, Collections A , Sealed Sticker Boxes,gerrykopelow.com,/effund1960802.html,to,Vladimir,Me,April,6,Take Anaheim Angels Vladimir Guerrero Ranking TOP17 April 6 Take Me The Out to 2009 Anaheim Angels Vladimir Guerrero Ranking TOP17 April 6 Take Me The Out to 2009 $19 Anaheim Angels Vladimir Guerrero April 6 2009 Take Me Out to The Sports Mem, Cards Fan Shop Sports Stickers, Collections A Sealed Sticker Boxes Guerrero,Anaheim,Angels,The,$19,Out,2009,Sports Mem, Cards Fan Shop , Sports Stickers, Collections A , Sealed Sticker Boxes,gerrykopelow.com,/effund1960802.html,to,Vladimir,Me,April,6,Take $19 Anaheim Angels Vladimir Guerrero April 6 2009 Take Me Out to The Sports Mem, Cards Fan Shop Sports Stickers, Collections A Sealed Sticker Boxes
Anaheim Angels Vladimir Guerrero April 6 2009 Take Me Out to The
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Anaheim Angels Vladimir Guerrero April 6 2009 Take Me Out to The
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Item specifics
Modified Item:
Yes
Product:
Collage
Player:
Vladimir Guerrero
Season:
2009
Type:
Display
Features:
Hologram, Limited Edition
Sport:
Baseball
Modification Description:
Combined Cachet, Photograph, Pins and Cancelled 2008 "Take me out to the Ballpark Stamp
Team:
Anaheim Angels
Anaheim Angels Vladimir Guerrero April 6 2009 Take Me Out to The
The following lists the recent preprints posted on EGUsphere with TC-related topics, the recent preprints posted in TC’s discussion forum, as well as final revised papers published recently in TC.
Matthew K. Laffin, Charles S. Zender, Melchior van Wessem, and Sebastián Marinsek
The Cryosphere, 16, 1369–1381, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1369-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1369-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The collapses of the Larsen A and B ice shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula (AP) occurred while the ice shelves were covered with large melt lakes, and ocean waves damaged the ice shelf fronts, triggering collapse. Observations show föhn winds were present on both ice shelves and increased surface melt and drove sea ice away from the ice front. Collapsed ice shelves experienced enhanced surface melt driven by föhn winds, whereas extant ice shelves are affected less by föhn-wind-induced melt.
Buffalo Seal [AD979]Hyundai to Take Genuine Me
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916B1-GI010
Vladimir 916B1-GI010
Brand:
Hyundai
Angels Appliances 94円
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New
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AllCuisinart Smart Power Duet CBT-500 FP AFP-7 Spindle Base Gear Ad4 pull Out
Item Reproduction
Material:
Brass
6 specifics
brass
Color:
antique Guerrero 2009 9円 Angels and Vladimir
Type:
Drawer Pull
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Hardwarefinds
style
Drawer The brass Pull
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Handmade
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Spellbinders
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Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
Short summary
Short summary
Clusters of low-energy seismic events, concentrated in space and time, characterized by highly correlated waveforms (cross-correlation coefficient ≥ 0.95), occur at the floating area of a major ice stream in Antarctica (David Glacier, North Victoria Land). The transient injection of fluids from the David catchment into the regional subglacial hydrographic network, observed by GRACE measurements, is indicated as the main trigger for clustered and repeated seismic occurrences.
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
Short summary
Short summary
Meltwater runoff is one of the main contributors to mass loss on the Greenland Ice Sheet that influences global sea level rise. However, it remains unclear where meltwater runs off and what processes cause this. We measured the velocity of meltwater flow through snow on the ice sheet, which ranged from 0.17 to 12.8 m hr-1 for vertical percolation and from 1.3 to 15.1 m hr-1 for lateral flow. This is an important step towards understanding where, when and why meltwater runoff occurs on the ice sheet.
Stephen J. Chuter, Andrew Zammit-Mangion, Jonathan Rougier, Geoffrey Dawson, and Jonathan L. Bamber
The Cryosphere, 16, 1349–1367, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1349-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1349-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We find the Antarctic Peninsula to have a mean mass loss of 19 ± 1.1 Gt yr−1 over the 2003–2019 period, driven predominantly by changes in ice dynamic flow like due to changes in ocean forcing. This long-term record is crucial to ascertaining the region’s present-day contribution to sea level rise, with the understanding of driving processes enabling better future predictions. Our statistical approach enables us to estimate this previously poorly surveyed regions mass balance more accurately.
Christian J. Taubenberger, Denis Felikson, and Thomas Neumann
The Cryosphere, 16, 1341–1348, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1341-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1341-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Outlet glaciers are projected to account for half of the total ice loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet over the 21st century. We classify patterns of seasonal dynamic thickness changes of outlet glaciers using new observations from the Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2). Our results reveal seven distinct patterns that differ across glaciers even within the same region. Future work can use our results to improve our understanding of processes that drive seasonal ice sheet changes.
Chuanxi Zhao, Wei Yang, Matthew Westoby, Baosheng An, Guangjian Wu, Weicai Wang, Zhongyan Wang, Yongjie Wang, and Stuart Dunning
The Cryosphere, 16, 1333–1340, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1333-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1333-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
On 22 March 2021, a ~ 50 Mm 3 ice-rock avalanche occurred from 6500 m a.s.l. in the Sedongpu basin, southeastern Tibet. It caused temporary blockage of the Yarlung Tsangpo river, a major tributary of the Brahmaputra. We utilize field investigations, high-resolution satellite imagery, seismic records, and meteorological data to analyse the evolution of the 2021 event and its impact, discuss potential drivers, and briefly reflect on implications for the sustainable development of the region.
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
Short summary
Short summary
Climate models provide valuable information for studying processes such as the collapse of ice shelves over Antarctica, which impacts estimates of sea level rise. This paper examines variability across climate simulations over Antarctica for fields including snowfall, temperature and melt. Significant, systematic differences between outputs are found, occurring at both large and fine spatial scales across Antarctica. Results are important for future impact assessments and model development.
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-71,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-71, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 1 comment)
Short summary
Short summary
We implemented a new multi-layer snow scheme in the land surface scheme of ERA5-Land with revised snow densification parametrizations. The revised HTESSEL improved the representation of soil temperature in permafrost regions compared to ERA5-Land, especially warm bias in winter was significantly reduced and the resulting modelled near-surface permafrost extent was improved.
Bertrand Cluzet, Matthieu Lafaysse, César Deschamps-Berger, Matthieu Vernay, and Marie Dumont
The Cryosphere, 16, 1281–1298, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1281-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1281-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The mountainous snow cover is highly variable at all temporal and spatial scales. Snow cover models suffer from large errors, while snowpack observations are sparse. Data assimilation combines them into a better estimate of the snow cover. A major challenge is to propagate information from observed into unobserved areas. This paper presents a spatialized version of the particle filter, in which information from in situ snow depth observations is successfully used to constrain nearby simulations.
Yuying Chen, Keshao Liu, Yongqin Liu, Trista J. Vick-Majors, Feng Wang, and Mukan Ji
The Cryosphere, 16, 1265–1280, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1265-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1265-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the bacterial communities in surface and subsurface snow samples in a Tibetan Plateau glacier using 16S rRNA gene sequences. Our results revealed rapid temporal changes in nitrogen (including nitrate and ammonium) and bacterial communities in both surface and subsurface snow. These findings advance our understanding of bacterial community variations and bacterial interactions after snow deposition and provide a possible biological explanation for nitrogen dynamics in snow.
Tian R. Tian, Alexander D. Fraser, Noriaki Kimura, Chen Zhao, and Petra Heil
The Cryosphere, 16, 1299–1314, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1299-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1299-2022, 2022
Short summary
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This study presents a comprehensive validation of a satellite observational sea ice motion product in Antarctica by using drifting buoys. Two problems existing in this sea ice motion product have been noticed. After rectifying problems, we use it to investigate the impacts of satellite observational configuration and timescale on Antarctic sea ice kinematics and suggest the future improvement of satellite missions specifically designed for retrieval of sea ice motion.
Lennert B. Stap, Constantijn J. Berends, Meike D. W. Scherrenberg, Roderik S. W. van de Wal, and Edward G. W. Gasson
The Cryosphere, 16, 1315–1332, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1315-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1315-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To gain understanding of how the Antarctic ice sheet responded to CO2 changes during past warm climate conditions, we simulate its variability during the Miocene. We include feedbacks between the ice sheet and atmosphere in our model and force the model using time-varying climate conditions. We find that these feedbacks reduce the amplitude of ice volume variations. Erosion-induced changes in the bedrock below the ice sheet that manifested during the Miocene also have a damping effect.
Xinde Chu, Xiaojun Yao, Hongyu Duan, Cong Chen, Jing Li, and Wenlong Pang
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-61,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-61, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
Short summary
Short summary
The available remote sensing data are increasingly abundant, and the efficient and rapid acquisition of glacier boundaries based on these data is currently a frontier issue in glacier remote sensing research. In this study, we designed a complete solution to automatically extract glacier outlines from the High resolution images. Compared with other method, our our method achieves the best performance for glacier boundary extraction in parts of the Tanggula Mountains and Kunlun Mountains.
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-68,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-68, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
Short summary
Short summary
Here we compare the microbiomes of different types of basal ice within the same glacier. We also perform a meta-analysis that provides a broad overview of the specific microbial lineages enriched in different types of basal ice, glacial ice, permafrost, and cave ice. Combined, our findings provide exciting new insights into the microbiology of the cryosphere and fundamentally extend understanding of the limits of microbial life inside ice.
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the changes in ocean–ice interactions in the Totten Glacier area between the last decades (1995–2014) and the end of the 21st century (2081–2100) under warmer climate conditions. By the end of the 21st century, the sea ice is strongly reduced and the ocean circulation close to the coast is accelerated. Our research highlights the importance of including representation of fast ice to simulate realistic ice shelf melt rate increase in East Antarctica under warming conditions.
Muhammad Fraz Ismail, Wolfgang Bogacki, Markus Disse, Michael Schäfer, and Lothar Kirschbauer
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-64,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-64, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
Short summary
Short summary
Fresh water from mountainous catchments in the form of snow and ice melt is of critical importance especially in the summer season for people living in these regions. In general, limited data availability is the core concern while modelling the snow and ice melt components from these mountainous catchments. This research will be helpful in selecting realistic parameter values (i.e. degree-day factor) while calibrating the temperature-index models for data scarce regions.
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-54,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-54, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
Short summary
Short summary
The direct observation of hydrologic processes within a large glacier is rather difficult, therefore we used publicly available remote sensing data in order to describe hydrologic processes of a marine terminating glacier and demonstrated that such tools and data can be easily used. Spatial and temporal pattern of melting dynamics during five consecutive years was described through mapping of supraglacial lakes and sediment plumes areal extent.
Yu Wang, Chen Zhao, Rupert Gladstone, Ben Galton-Fenzi, and Roland Warner
The Cryosphere, 16, 1221–1245, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1221-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1221-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The thermal structure of the Amery Ice Shelf and its spatial pattern are evaluated and analysed through temperature observations from six boreholes and numerical simulations. The simulations demonstrate significant ice warming downstream along the ice flow and a great variation of the thermal structure across the ice flow. We suggest that the thermal structure of the Amery Ice Shelf is unlikely to be affected by current climate changes on decadal timescales.
Noriaki Ohara, Benjamin M. Jones, Andrew D. Parsekian, Kenneth M. Hinkel, Katsu Yamatani, Mikhail Kanevskiy, Rodrigo C. Rangel, Amy L. Breen, and Helena Bergstedt
The Cryosphere, 16, 1247–1264, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1247-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1247-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
New variational principle suggests that a semi-ellipsoid talik shape (3D Stefan equation) is optimum for incoming energy. However, the lake bathymetry tends to be less ellipsoidal due to the ice-rich layers near the surface. Wind wave erosion is likely responsible for the elongation of lakes, while thaw subsidence slows the wave effect and stabilizes the thermokarst lakes. The derived 3D Stefan equation was compared to the field-observed talik thickness data using geophysical methods.
Chloe A. Whicker, Mark G. Flanner, Cheng Dang, Charles S. Zender, Joseph M. Cook, and Alex S. Gardner
The Cryosphere, 16, 1197–1220, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1197-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1197-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Snow and ice surfaces are important to the global climate. Current climate models use measurements to determine the reflectivity of ice. This model uses physical properties to determine the reflectivity of snow, ice, and darkly pigmented impurities that reside within the snow and ice. Therefore, the modeled reflectivity is more accurate for snow/ice columns under varying climate conditions. This model paves the way for improvements in the portrayal of snow and ice within global climate models.
Benjamin Joseph Davison, Tom Cowton, Andrew Sole, Finlo Cottier, and Pete Nienow
The Cryosphere, 16, 1181–1196, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1181-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1181-2022, 2022
Short summary
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The ocean is an important driver of Greenland glacier retreat. Icebergs influence ocean temperature in the vicinity of glaciers, which will affect glacier retreat rates, but the effect of icebergs on water temperature is poorly understood. In this study, we use a model to show that icebergs cause large changes to water properties next to Greenland's glaciers, which could influence ocean-driven glacier retreat around Greenland.
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-76,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-76, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
Short summary
Short summary
Snow physical properties on Arctic sea ice are monitored during the melt season. As snow grains grow and the snowpack thickness is reduced, the surface albedo decreases. The extra absorbed energy accelerates melting. Radiative transfer modeling shows that more radiation is then transmitted to the snow-sea ice interface. A sharp increase in transmitted radiation takes place when the snowpacks thins significantly and this coincides with the initiation of the phytoplankton bloom in the sea water.
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-25,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-25, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
Short summary
Short summary
Christaki Pothole is located at 2,350 m in Mt. Olympos, the highest mountain of Greece, over the permanent snow line for Greek latitude. The eruption of the tritium content in the water cycle resulting from the nuclear tests of the ’50s and ’60s, allows the dating of firn samples from the ice cave. The nuclear era was not detected in ice from the Olympic cave and the basic reason is considered the ice melting rate.
Hannah Ming Siu Vickers, Priscilla Mooney, Eirik Malnes, and Hanna Lee
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-57,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-57, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
Short summary
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Rain-on-snow (ROS) events are becoming more frequent as a result of a warming climate, and can have significant impacts on nature and society. Accurate representation of ROS events is need to identify where impacts are greatest both now and in the future. We compare rain-on-snow climatologies from a climate model, ground and satellite radar observations and show how different methods can lead to contrasting conclusions and interpretation of the results should take into account their limitations.
Hongyu Duan, Xiaojun Yao, Huian Jin, Yuan Zhang, Qi Wang, Zhishui Du, Jiayu Hu, and Qianxun Wang
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-62,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-62, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
Short summary
Short summary
To investigate the potential hazards of the typical end moraine-dammed glacial lake, Bienong Co in the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau, we completed an investigation of the potential GLOF hazard based on remote sensing data, field bathymetric data, combining hydrodynamic model. The results show that Bienong Co is currently highly dangerous, with a realtive deep depth and the potential glacial lake outburst floods that would have a huge impact on the downstream area.
Maria Wind, Friedrich Obleitner, Tanguy Racine, and Christoph Spötl
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-67,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-67, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
Short summary
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We present a thorough analysis of the thermal conditions of a sag-type ice cave in the Austrian Alps using temperature measurements for the period 2008–2021. Apart from a long-term increasing temperature trend, we find strong inter-annual and spatial variations as well as a characteristic seasonal pattern. Increasing temperatures further led to a drastic decrease of cave ice. A first attempt to model ablation based on temperature shows promising results.
The Cryosphere, 16, 1157–1180, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1157-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1157-2022, 2022
Short summary
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The knowledge of physical and mechanical properties of permafrost and its location is critical for the management of permafrost-related geohazards. Here, we developed a hybrid inverse and multiphase poromechanical approach to quantitatively estimate the physical and mechanical properties of a permafrost site. Our study demonstrates the potential of surface wave techniques coupled with our proposed data-processing algorithm to characterize a permafrost site more accurately.
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
Short summary
Short summary
The ice on Greenland has been melting more rapidly over the last years. Most of this melt comes from the exposure of ice when the overlying snow melts. This ice is darker than snow and takes up more sunlight, which leads to more melt. However, the actual color of the ice remains hard to simulate in models. In this paper we show that one model, MAR, simulates the color of the ice too bright. We also show that this means that the model may underestimate how fast the ice on Greenland is melting.
The Cryosphere, 16, 1141–1156, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1141-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1141-2022, 2022
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We develop a regional linear Markov model consisting of four modules with seasonally dependent variables in the Pacific sector. The model retains skill for detrended sea ice extent predictions for up to 7-month lead times in the Bering Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk. The prediction skill, as measured by the percentage of grid points with significant correlations (PGS), increased by 75 % in the Bering Sea and 16 % in the Sea of Okhotsk relative to the earlier pan-Arctic model.
Leon J. Bührle, Mauro Marty, Lucie A. Eberhard, Andreas Stoffel, Elisabeth D. Hafner, and Yves Bühler
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-65,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-65, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
Short summary
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Information on the snow depth distribution is crucial for numerous applications in high-mountain regions. However, only specific measurements can accurately map the present variability of snow depths within complex terrain. In this study, we show the reliable processing of images from piloted airplane to large (> 100 km2), very detailed and accurate snow depth maps around Davos (CH). In addition, we use these maps to describe the existed snow depth distribution and other special features.
Stephen E. L. Howell, Mike Brady, and Alexander S. Komarov
The Cryosphere, 16, 1125–1139, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1125-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1125-2022, 2022
Short summary
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We describe, apply, and validate the Environment and Climate Change Canada automated sea ice tracking system (ECCC-ASITS) that routinely generates large-scale sea ice motion (SIM) over the pan-Arctic domain using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. The ECCC-ASITS was applied to the incoming image streams of Sentinel-1AB and the RADARSAT Constellation Mission from March 2020 to October 2021 using a total of 135 471 SAR images and generated new SIM datasets (i.e., 7 d 25 km and 3 d 6.25 km).
Yu Liang, Haibo Bi, Haijun Huang, Ruibo Lei, Xi Liang, Bin Cheng, and Yunhe Wang
The Cryosphere, 16, 1107–1123, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1107-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1107-2022, 2022
Short summary
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A record minimum July sea ice extent, since 1979, was observed in 2020. Our results reveal that an anomalously high advection of energy and water vapor prevailed during spring (April to June) 2020 over regions with noticeable sea ice retreat. The large-scale atmospheric circulation and cyclones act in concert to trigger the exceptionally warm and moist flow. The convergence of the transport changed the atmospheric characteristics and the surface energy budget, thus causing a severe sea ice melt.
Maxim L. Lamare, John D. Hedley, and Martin D. King
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-366,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-366, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
Short summary
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The reflectivity of sea ice is crucial for modern climate change and for monitoring sea ice from satellites. The reflectivity depends on the angle at which the ice is viewed and the angle illuminated. The directional reflectivity is calculated as a function of viewing angle, illuminating angle, thickness, wavelength and surface roughness. Roughness cannot be considered independent of thickness, illumination angle and the wavelength. Remote sensors will use the data to image sea ice from space
The Cryosphere, 16, 1091–1106, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1091-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1091-2022, 2022
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In recent years, seven glaciers are confirmed in the northern Japanese Alps. However, their mass balance has not been clarified. In this study, we calculated the seasonal and continuous annual mass balance of these glaciers during 2015–2019 by the geodetic method using aerial images and SfM–MVS technology. Our results showed that the mass balance of these glaciers was different from other glaciers in the world. The characteristics of Japanese glaciers provide new insights for earth science.
Christiaan T. van Dalum, Willem Jan van de Berg, and Michiel R. van den Broeke
The Cryosphere, 16, 1071–1089, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1071-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1071-2022, 2022
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In this study, we improve the regional climate model RACMO2 and investigate the climate of Antarctica. We have implemented a new radiative transfer and snow albedo scheme and do several sensitivity experiments. When fully tuned, the results compare well with observations and snow temperature profiles improve. Moreover, small changes in the albedo and the investigated processes can lead to a strong overestimation of melt, locally leading to runoff and a reduced surface mass balance.
Elise Kazmierczak, Sainan Sun, Violaine Coulon, and Frank Pattyn
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-53,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-53, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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The water at the interface between the ice sheet and the underlying bedrock leads to lubrification between the ice and the bed. Due to the lack of direct observations, subglacial conditions beneath the Antarctic ice sheet are poorly understood. Here, we compare different approaches in which the suglacial water could influence sliding on the underlying bedrock and suggest that it modulates the Antarctic ice sheet response and increases the uncertainties especially in a context of global warming.
Stiig Wilkenskjeld, Frederieke Miesner, Paul P. Overduin, Matteo Puglini, and Victor Brovkin
The Cryosphere, 16, 1057–1069, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1057-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1057-2022, 2022
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Thawing permafrost releases carbon to the atmosphere, enhancing global warming. Part of the permafrost soils have been flooded by rising sea levels since the last ice age, becoming subsea permafrost (SSPF). The SSPF is less studied than the part on land. In this study we use a global model to obtain rates of thawing of SSPF under different future climate scenarios until the year 3000. After the year 2100 the scenarios strongly diverge, closely connected to the eventual disappearance of sea ice.
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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We investigate how moisture transport through atmospheric rivers influences Arctic sea ice variations, using ERA5 hourly atmospheric reanalysis for 1981–2020 at 0.25º x 0.25º resolution. We show that individual atmospheric rivers initiate rapid sea ice decrease through surface heat flux and winds. We find that rate of change of sea ice concentration has significant anticorrelation with moisture, northward wind, and turbulent heat flux on weather timescales almost everywhere in the Arctic Ocean.
Huadong Wang, Xueliang Zhang, Pengfeng Xiao, Tao Che, Zhaojun Zheng, Liyun Dai, and Wenbo Luan
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-45,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-45, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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The geographically and temporally weighted neural network (GTWNN) model is constructed for estimating large-scale daily snow density by integrating satellite, ground, and reanalysis data, which addresses the importance of spatiotemporal heterogeneity and nonlinear relationship between snow density and impact variables, as well as allows us understanding the spatiotemporal pattern and heterogeneity of snow density in different snow periods and snow cover regions in China from 2013 to 2020.
Hongxiang Yu, Guang Li, Benjamin Walter, Michael Lehning, Jie Zhang, and Ning Huang
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-27,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-27, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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Snow cornices lead to potential risk in causing snow avalanche hazards, which are still unknown so far. We carried out a wind tunnel experiment in a cold lab to investigate the environmental conditions for snow cornice accretion recorded by a camera. Results show that cornices appear only under moderate wind speeds, which leads to necessary mass flux divergence near the edge. These results improve our understanding of cornice formation and have implications for predicting snow hazards.
Trevor R. Hillebrand, Matthew J. Hoffman, Mauro Perego, Stephen F. Price, and Ian M. Howat
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-20,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-20, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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We estimate that Humboldt Glacier, North Greenland, will contribute 5.5–9 mm to global sea-level from 2007–2100, using an ensemble of model simulations constrained by observations of glacier retreat and speedup. This is a significant fraction of the 40–140 mm from the whole Greenland Ice Sheet predicted by the recent ISMIP6 multi-model ensemble, suggesting that calibrating models against observed velocity changes could result in higher estimates of 21st century sea-level rise from Greenland.
Vjeran Višnjević, Reinhard Drews, Clemens Schannwell, Inka Koch, Steven Franke, Daniela Jansen, and Olaf Eisen
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-23,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-23, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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We present a simple way to model internal layers of an ice shelf, and apply the method to the Roi Baudouin Ice Shelf in East Antarctica. Modelled results are compared to the measurements obtained by radar. We distinguish between ice directly formed on the shelf and ice transported from the ice sheet, and map the spatial changes in the volume of the locally accumulated ice. In this context, we discuss the sensitivity of the ice shelf to the future changes in surface accumulation and basal melt.
Clara Burgard, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Ronja Reese, Adrian Jenkins, and Pierre Mathiot
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-32,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-32, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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The ocean-induced melt at the base the floating ice tongues (ice shelves) around Antarctica is the highest uncertainty factor in the Antarctic contribution to future sea level. We re-tune, assess and compare the performance of several existing parameterisations to simulate basal melt rates on a circum-Antarctic scale, using an ocean simulation resolving the sub-shelf cavities as our reference. We find that simple quadratic slope-independent and plume parameterisations yield the best compromise.
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-43,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-43, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 6 comments)
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The air bubbles enclosed in the alpine glacier ice could be used to reveal regional climate changes. Thus, we analyzed the δ18O of gaseous oxygen in the ice core air bubbles (δ18Obub) from a glacier in the Tibetan Plateau (TP). We find that there is a good correlation between the variation of the δ18Obub and the accumulation or melting of the glacier. Combined with the chronology of the ice core air bubbles, we reconstruct the glacier variations since the late Holocene in the central TP.
Justyna Czekirda, Bernd Etzelmüller, Sebastian Westermann, Ketil Isaksen, and Florence Magnin
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-4,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-4, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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In this study we use a two-dimensional model of permafrost to simulate the distribution of permafrost in nine rock walls in Norway since 1900. Permafrost probably occurs at most sites. All simulations show increasing ground temperature from the 1980s. Our simulations show that rock wall permafrost with a temperature of -1 °C at 20 m depth could thaw at this depth within 50 years if the rate of atmospheric warming remains unchanged.
Moritz Buchmann, John Coll, Johannes Aschauer, Michael Begert, Stefan Brönnimann, Barbara Chimani, Gernot Resch, Wolfgang Schöner, and Christoph Marty
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-48,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-48, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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Knowledge about inhomogeneities in a data set are important for any subsequent climatological analysis. We ran three well-established homogenisation methods and compared the identified break points. By only treating breaks as valid when detected by at least 2 out of 3 methods,, we enhanced the robustness of our results. We found 45 breaks within 184 investigated series, of these 71 % could be explained by events recorded in the station history.
Ghislain Picard, Henning Löwe, and Christian Mätzler
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-63,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-63, 2022
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Microwave satellite observations used to monitor the cryosphere requires radiative transfer models for their interpretation. These models represent how microwaves are scattered by snow and ice. However no existing theory is suitable for all types of snow and ice found on Earth. We adapted a recently-published generic scattering theory to snow, and show how it may improve the representation of snows with intermediate densities (~500 kg m−3) and/or with coarse grains at high microwave frequencies.
The Cryosphere, 16, 1031–1056, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1031-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1031-2022, 2022
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Climate changes require a dynamic description of glaciers in hydrological models. In this study we focus on the local modelling of snow and firn. We tested our model at the site of Colle Gnifetti, 4400–4550 m a.s.l. The model shows that wind erodes all the precipitation of the cold months, while snow is in part conserved between April and September since higher temperatures protect snow from erosion. We also compared modelled and observed firn density, obtaining a satisfying agreement.
Loeka Laura Jongejans, Kai Mangelsdorf, Cornelia Karger, Thomas Opel, Sebastian Wetterich, Jérémy Courtin, Hanno Meyer, Alexander I. Kizyakov, Guido Grosse, Andrei G. Shepelev, Igor I. Syromyatnikov, Alexander N. Fedorov, and Jens Strauss
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-12,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-12, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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Large parts of Arctic Siberia are underlain by permafrost. Climate warming leads to permafrost thaw. At the Batagay megaslump, permafrost sediments up to ~650 ka old are exposed. We took sediment samples and analyzed the organic matter (e.g., plant remains). We found distinct differences in the biomarker distributions between the glacial and interglacial deposits with generally stronger microbial activity during interglacial periods. Further permafrost thaw enhances greenhouse gas emissions.
Kerttu Kouki, Petri Räisänen, Kari Luojus, Anna Luomaranta, and Aku Riihelä
The Cryosphere, 16, 1007–1030, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1007-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1007-2022, 2022
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We analyze state-of-the-art climate models’ ability to describe snow mass and whether biases in modeled temperature or precipitation can explain the discrepancies in snow mass. In winter, biases in precipitation are the main factor affecting snow mass, while in spring, biases in temperature becomes more important, which is an expected result. However, temperature or precipitation cannot explain all snow mass discrepancies. Other factors, such as models’ structural errors, are also significant.
Sebastian Hinck, Evan J. Gowan, Xu Zhang, and Gerrit Lohmann
The Cryosphere, 16, 941–965, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-941-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-941-2022, 2022
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Proglacial lakes were pervasive along the retreating continental ice margins after the Last Glacial Maximum. Similarly to the marine ice boundary, interactions at the ice-lake interface impact ice sheet dynamics and mass balance. Previous numerical ice sheet modeling studies did not include a dynamical lake boundary. We describe the implementation of an adaptive lake boundary condition in PISM and apply the model to the glacial retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheet.
Klaus Dethloff, Wieslaw Maslowski, Stefan Hendricks, Younjoo J. Lee, Helge F. Goessling, Thomas Krumpen, Christian Haas, Dörthe Handorf, Robert Ricker, Vladimir Bessonov, John J. Cassano, Jaclyn Clement Kinney, Robert Osinski, Markus Rex, Annette Rinke, Julia Sokolova, and Anja Sommerfeld
The Cryosphere, 16, 981–1005, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-981-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-981-2022, 2022
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Sea ice thickness anomalies during the MOSAiC (Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate) winter in January, February and March 2020 were simulated with the coupled Regional Arctic climate System Model (RASM) and compared with CryoSat-2/SMOS satellite data. Hindcast and ensemble simulations indicate that the sea ice anomalies are driven by nonlinear interactions between ice growth processes and wind-driven sea-ice transports, with dynamics playing a dominant role.
The Cryosphere, 16, 925–940, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-925-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-925-2022, 2022
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Ice motion can be used to better understand how weather and climate change affect the ice. Antarctic sea ice extent has shown large variability over the observed period, and dynamical features may also have changed. Our method allows for the quantification of rotational motion caused by wind and how this may have changed with time. Cyclonic motion dominates the Atlantic sector, particularly from 2015 onwards, while anticyclonic motion has remained comparatively small and unchanged.
Neige Calonne, Alexis Burr, Armelle Philip, Frédéric Flin, and Christian Geindreau
The Cryosphere, 16, 967–980, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-967-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-967-2022, 2022
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Modeling gas transport in ice sheets from surface to close-off is key to interpreting climate archives. Estimates of the diffusion coefficient and permeability of snow and firn are required but remain a large source of uncertainty. We present a new dataset of diffusion coefficients and permeability from 20 to 120 m depth at two Antarctic sites. We suggest predictive formulas to estimate both properties over the entire 100–850 kg m3 density range, i.e., anywhere within the ice sheet column.
Karla Boxall, Frazer D. W. Christie, Ian C. Willis, Jan Wuite, and Thomas Nagler
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-55,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-55, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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Using high spatial and temporal resolution satellite imagery, we provide the first evidence for seasonal flow variability of land ice draining to George VI Ice Shelf (GVIIS), Antarctica. Our findings imply that other glaciers in Antarctica may be susceptible to — and currently undergoing — similar ocean-driven ice flow seasonality, especially those fronted by warm-based, CDW-laden ice-shelf cavities such as Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers.
Konstantin Schürholt, Julia Kowalski, and Henning Löwe
The Cryosphere, 16, 903–923, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-903-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-903-2022, 2022
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This companion paper deals with numerical particularities of partial differential equations underlying 1D snow models. In this first part we neglect mechanical settling and demonstrate that the nonlinear coupling between diffusive transport (heat and vapor), phase changes and ice mass conservation contains a wave instability that may be relevant for weak layer formation. Numerical requirements are discussed in view of the underlying homogenization scheme.
Tom Mitcham, G. Hilmar Gudmundsson, and Jonathan L. Bamber
The Cryosphere, 16, 883–901, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-883-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-883-2022, 2022
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We modelled the response of the Larsen C Ice Shelf (LCIS) and its tributary glaciers to the calving of the A68 iceberg and validated our results with observations. We found that the impact was limited, confirming that mostly passive ice was calved. Through further calving experiments we quantified the total buttressing provided by the LCIS and found that over 80 % of the buttressing capacity is generated in the first 5 km of the ice shelf downstream of the grounding line.
Elchin E. Jafarov, Daniil Svyatsky, Brent Newman, Dylan Harp, David Moulton, and Cathy Wilson
The Cryosphere, 16, 851–862, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-851-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-851-2022, 2022
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Recent research indicates the importance of lateral transport of dissolved carbon in the polygonal tundra, suggesting that the freeze-up period could further promote lateral carbon transport. We conducted subsurface tracer simulations on high-, flat-, and low-centered polygons to test the importance of the freeze–thaw cycle and freeze-up time for tracer mobility. Our findings illustrate the impact of hydraulic and thermal gradients on tracer mobility, as well as of the freeze-up time.
The Cryosphere, 16, 825–849, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-825-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-825-2022, 2022
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Convective heat transfer (CHT) is important in affecting thermal regimes in permafrost regions. We quantified its thermal impacts by contrasting the simulation results from three scenarios in which the Simultaneous Heat and Water model includes full, partial, and no consideration of CHT. The results show the CHT commonly happens in shallow and middle soil depths during thawing periods and has greater impacts in spring than summer. The CHT has both heating and cooling effects on the active layer.
Lucas Berard-Chenu, Hugues François, Emmanuelle George, and Samuel Morin
The Cryosphere, 16, 863–881, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-863-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-863-2022, 2022
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This study investigates the past snow reliability (1961–2019) of 16 ski resorts in the French Alps using state-of-the-art snowpack modelling. We used snowmaking investment figures to infer the evolution of snowmaking coverage at the individual ski resort level. Snowmaking improved snow reliability for the core of the winter season for the highest-elevation ski resorts. However it did not counterbalance the decreasing trend in snow cover reliability for lower-elevation ski resorts and in spring.
Ľubica Vetráková, Vilém Neděla, Jiří Runštuk, Xin Yang, and Dominik Heger
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-376,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-376, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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In polar regions, sea salt aerosols are important to polar atmospheric chemistry, yet their mechanism of formation is not well understood. We inspected the sublimation residues of salty ices in a unique electron microscope and sought for small salt particles, proxies of sea salt aerosols. Our experiments showed that aerosolizable salt particles are preferably generated from low-concentrated ices and at low temperatures. This condition favors salty snow as an efficient source of the aerosols.
The Cryosphere, 16, 807–824, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-807-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-807-2022, 2022
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We used satellite images to create a comprehensive record of annual glacier change in northwest Greenland from 1972 through 2021. We found that nearly all glaciers in our study area have retreated and glacier retreat accelerated from around 1996. Comparing these results with climate data, we found that glacier retreat is most sensitive to water runoff and moderately sensitive to ocean temperatures. These can affect glacier fronts in several ways, so no process clearly dominates glacier retreat.
Rebecca Gugerli, Darin Desilets, and Nadine Salzmann
The Cryosphere, 16, 799–806, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-799-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-799-2022, 2022
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Monitoring the snow water equivalent (SWE) in high mountain regions is highly important and a challenge. We explore the use of muon counts to infer SWE temporally continuously. We deployed muonic cosmic ray snow gauges (µ-CRSG) on a Swiss glacier over the winter 2020/21. Evaluated with manual SWE measurements and SWE estimates inferred from neutron counts, we conclude that the µ-CRSG is a highly promising method for remote high mountain regions with several advantages over other current methods.
Stephanie Mayer, Alec van Herwijnen, Frank Techel, and Jürg Schweizer
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-34,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-34, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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Information on snow instability is crucial for avalanche forecasting. We introduce a novel, machine-learning based method to assess snow instability from snow stratigraphy simulated with the snow cover model SNOWPACK. To develop the model, we compared observed and simulated snow profiles. Our model provides a probability of instability for every layer of a simulated snow profile, which allows detecting the weakest layer and assessing its degree of instability with one single index.
Jacob Davies Morgan, Christo Buizert, Tyler Jeffrey Fudge, Kenji Kawamura, Jeffrey Peck Severinghaus, and Cathy M. Trudinger
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-49,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-49, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 2 comments)
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The composition of air bubbles in Antarctic ice cores records information about past changes in properties of the snowpack. We find that, near the South Pole, thicker snowpack in the past is often due to steeper surface topography, where faster winds erode the snow and deposit it in flatter areas. The slope and winds seem to also cause a seasonal bias in the composition of air bubbles in the ice core. These findings will improve interpretation of other ice cores from places with steep slopes.
Devon Dunmire, Jan T. M. Lenaerts, Rajashree Tri Datta, and Tessa Gorte
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-52,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-52, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 2 comments)
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Earth System Models (ESMs) are used to model the climate system and the interactions of its components (i.e. atmosphere, ocean, etc.) both historically and into the future under different assumptions of human activity. The representation of Antarctica in ESMs is important because it can inform projections of the ice sheet's contribution to sea level rise. Here, we compare output of Antarctica's surface climate from an ESM with observations to understand strengths and weaknesses within the model.
Dieter R. Tetzner, Claire S. Allen, and Elizabeth R. Thomas
The Cryosphere, 16, 779–798, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-779-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-779-2022, 2022
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The presence of diatoms in Antarctic ice cores has been scarcely documented and poorly understood. Here we present a detailed analysis of the spatial and temporal distribution of the diatom record preserved in a set of Antarctic ice cores. Our results reveal that the timing and amount of diatoms deposited present a strong geographical division. This study highlights the potential of the diatom record preserved in Antarctic ice cores to provide useful information about past environmental changes.
Blake A. Castleman, Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel, Lambert Caron, Eric Larour, and Ala Khazendar
The Cryosphere, 16, 761–778, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-761-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-761-2022, 2022
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In the described study, we derive an uncertainty range for global mean sea level rise (SLR) contribution from Thwaites Glacier in a 200-year period under an extreme ocean warming scenario. We derive the spatial and vertical resolutions needed for bedrock data acquisition missions in order to limit global mean SLR contribution from Thwaites Glacier to ±2 cm in a 200-year period. We conduct sensitivity experiments in order to present the locations of critical regions in need of accurate mapping.
Benjamin E. Smith, Brooke Medley, Xavier Fettweis, Tyler Sutterley, Patrick Alexander, David Porter, and Marco Tedesco
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-44,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-44, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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In this paper, we use repeated satellite measurements of the height of the Greenland to learn about how three computational models of snowfall, melt, and snow compaction represent actual changes in the ice sheet. We find that the models do a good job of estimating how the parts of the ice sheet near the coast have changed, but that two of the models have trouble representing surface melt for the highest part of the ice sheet. This work provides suggestions for how to better model snow melt.
Maryam Zarrinderakht, Christian Schoof, and Anthony Peirce
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-37,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-37, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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Iceberg calving is the reason for more than half of mass loss in both Greenland and Antarctica and indirectly contributes to sea-level rise. Our study models iceberg calving by linear elastic fracture mechanics and using a boundary element method to compute crack tip propagation. This model handles contact conditions: preventing crack faces from penetrating into each other, and enabling the derivation of calving laws for different forms of hydrological forcing.
Rongxing Li, Yuan Cheng, Haotian Cui, Menglian Xia, Xiaohan Yuan, Zhen Li, Shulei Luo, and Gang Qiao
The Cryosphere, 16, 737–760, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-737-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-737-2022, 2022
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Historical velocity maps of the Antarctic ice sheet are valuable for long-term ice flow dynamics analysis. We developed an innovative method for correcting overestimations existing in historical velocity maps. The method is validated rigorously using high-quality Landsat 8 images and then successfully applied to historical velocity maps. The historical change signatures are preserved and can be used for assessing the impact of long-term global climate changes on the ice sheet.
Baptiste Dafflon, Stijn Wielandt, John Lamb, Patrick McClure, Ian Shirley, Sebastian Uhlemann, Chen Wang, Sylvain Fiolleau, Carlotta Brunetti, Franklin H. Akins, John Fitzpatrick, Samuel Pullman, Robert Busey, Craig Ulrich, John Peterson, and Susan S. Hubbard
The Cryosphere, 16, 719–736, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-719-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-719-2022, 2022
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This study presents the development and validation of a novel acquisition system for measuring finely resolved depth profiles of soil and snow temperature at multiple locations. Results indicate that the system reliably captures the dynamics in snow thickness, as well as soil freezing and thawing depth, enabling advances in understanding the intensity and timing in surface processes and their impact on subsurface thermohydrological regimes.
Thomas R. Chudley, Ian M. Howat, Bidhyananda Yadav, and Myoung-Jong Noh
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-33,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-33, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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Sentinel-2 images are subject to distortion due to orthorectification error, which makes it difficult to extract reliable glacier velocity fields from images from different orbits. Here, we use a complete record of velocity fields at four Greenlandic outlet glaciers to empirically estimate the systematic error, allowing us to correct glacier velocity fields to a comparable accuracy to other medium-resolution satellite datasets.
Francesca Baldacchino, Mathieu Morlighem, Nicholas R. Golledge, Huw Horgan, and Alena Malyarenko
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-50,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-50, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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Understanding how the Ross Ice Shelf will evolve in a warming world is important to the future stability of Antarctica. It remains unclear what changes could drive the largest mass loss in the future and where is most sensitive. This paper uses numerical modelling to produce sensitivity maps showing that the RIS is sensitive to changes in environmental and glaciological controls at regions which are currently experiencing changes. These regions need to be monitored in a warming world.
Alexander Robinson, Daniel Goldberg, and William H. Lipscomb
The Cryosphere, 16, 689–709, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-689-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-689-2022, 2022
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Here we investigate the numerical stability of several commonly used methods in order to determine which of them are capable of resolving the complex physics of the ice flow and are also computationally efficient. We find that the so-called DIVA solver outperforms the others. Its representation of the physics is consistent with more complex methods, while it remains computationally efficient at high resolution.
Nicolaj Hansen, Sebastian B. Simonsen, Fredrik Boberg, Christoph Kittel, Andrew Orr, Niels Souverijns, J. Melchior van Wessem, and Ruth Mottram
The Cryosphere, 16, 711–718, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-711-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-711-2022, 2022
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We investigate the impact of different ice masks when modelling surface mass balance over Antarctica. We used ice masks and data from five of the most used regional climate models and a common mask. We see large disagreement between the ice masks, which has a large impact on the surface mass balance, especially around the Antarctic Peninsula and some of the largest glaciers. We suggest a solution for creating a new, up-to-date, high-resolution ice mask that can be used in Antarctic modelling.
Joshua Cuzzone, Nicolas Young, Mathieu Morlighem, Jason Briner, and Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-47,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-47, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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We use an ice sheet model to determine what influenced the Greenland Ice Sheet to retreat across a portion of southwestern Greenland during the Holocene (about the last 12,000 years). Our simulations, constrained by observations from geologic markers, show that atmospheric warming and ice melt primarily caused the ice sheet to retreat rapidly across this domain. We find however, that iceberg calving at the interface where the ice meets the ocean significantly influenced ice mass change.
Alexandru Gegiuc, Juha Karvonen, Jouni Vainio, Eero Rinne, Roman Bednarik, and Marko Mäkynen
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-8,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-8, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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Current users of operational ice charts call for quantitative uncertainty information, which the current ice charts lack. In this work we demonstrate for the first time the use of eye tracking methodology as a non-invasive way to identify elements behind uncertainties typically introduced during the process of visual mapping of sea ice information in satellite radar imagery. Uncertainty information would increase reliability of the manually produced ice charts and increase navigation safety.
Nicolas Stoll, Maria Hörhold, Tobias Erhardt, Jan Eichler, Camilla Jensen, and Ilka Weikusat
The Cryosphere, 16, 667–688, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-667-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-667-2022, 2022
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We mapped and analysed solid inclusion in the upper 1340 m of the EGRIP ice core with Raman spectroscopy and microstructure mapping, based on bulk dust content derived via continuous flow analysis. We observe a large variety in mineralogy throughout the core and samples. The main minerals are sulfates, especially gypsum, and terrestrial dust minerals, such as quartz, mica, and feldspar. A change in mineralogy occurs around 900 m depth indicating a climate-related imprint.
Eole Valence, Michel Baraer, Eric Rosa, Florent Barbecot, and Chloe Monty
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-42,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-42, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 4 comments)
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The internal properties of the snow cover shape the annual hygrogram of northern and alpine regions. This study aims to develop a multimethod approach to measure the evolution of snowpack internal properties. The snowpack hydrological properties evolution was evaluated with dronebased ground-penetrating radar (GPR) measurement. In addition, the combination between GPR observation and time domain reflectometry (TDR) measurement has shown to be adapted to monitor the snowpack moisture winterlong.
Anton Korosov, Pierre Rampal, Yue Ying, Einar Ólason, and Timothy Williams
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-46,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-46, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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It is possible to compute sea ice motion from satellite observations and detect areas where ice converges (moves together) and forms ice ridges, or diverges (moves apart) and opens leads. But it is difficult to predict the exact motion of sea ice and position of ice ridges or leads using numerical models. We propose a new method to initialize a numerical model from satellite observations for improving the accuracy of the forecasted position of leads and ridges for safer navigation.
Benjamin Aubrey Robson, Shelley MacDonell, Álvaro Ayala, Tobias Bolch, Pål Ringkjøb Nielsen, and Sebastián Vivero
The Cryosphere, 16, 647–665, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-647-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-647-2022, 2022
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This work uses satellite and aerial data to study glaciers and rock glacier changes in La Laguna catchment within the semi-arid Andes of Chile, where ice melt is an important factor in river flow. The results show the rate of ice loss of Tapado Glacier has been increasing since the 1950s, which possibly relates to a dryer, warmer climate over the previous decades. Several rock glaciers show high surface velocities and elevation changes between 2012 and 2020, indicating they may be ice-rich.
Philipp Bernhard, Simon Zwieback, and Irena Hajnsek
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-36,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-36, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 2 comments)
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With climate change, Arctic hillslopes above ice-rich permafrost are vulnerable to enhanced carbon mobilization. In this work elevation change estimates generated from satellite observations reveal a substantial acceleration of carbon mobilization on the Taymyr Peninsula in Siberia between 2010 to 2021. The strong increase occurred in 2020 which coincides with a severe Siberian heatwave and highlights that carbon mobilization can responded sharply and non-linearly to increasing temperatures.
Sebastian Buchelt, Kirstine Skov, Kerstin Krøier Rasmussen, and Tobias Ullmann
The Cryosphere, 16, 625–646, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-625-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-625-2022, 2022
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In this paper, we present a threshold and a derivative approach using Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar time series to capture the small-scale heterogeneity of snow cover (SC) and snowmelt. Thereby, we can identify start of runoff and end of SC as well as perennial snow and SC extent during melt with high spatiotemporal resolution. Hence, our approach could support monitoring of distribution patterns and hydrological cascading effects of SC from the catchment scale to pan-Arctic observations.
Gregoire Guillet, Owen King, Mingyang Lv, Sajid Ghuffar, Douglas Benn, Duncan Quincey, and Tobias Bolch
The Cryosphere, 16, 603–623, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-603-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-603-2022, 2022
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Surging glaciers show cyclical changes in flow behavior – between slow and fast flow – and can have drastic impacts on settlements in their vicinity.
One of the clusters of surging glaciers worldwide is High Mountain Asia (HMA).
We present an inventory of surging glaciers in HMA, identified from satellite imagery. We show that the number of surging glaciers was underestimated and that they represent 20 % of the area covered by glaciers in HMA, before discussing new physics for glacier surges.
Thomas Frank, Henning Åkesson, Basile de Fleurian, Mathieu Morlighem, and Kerim H. Nisancioglu
The Cryosphere, 16, 581–601, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-581-2022,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-581-2022, 2022
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The shape of a fjord can promote or inhibit glacier retreat in response to climate change. We conduct experiments with a synthetic setup under idealized conditions in a numerical model to study and quantify the processes involved. We find that friction between ice and fjord is the most important factor and that it is possible to directly link ice discharge and grounding line retreat to fjord topography in a quantitative way.
Romain Millan, Jeremie Mouginot, Anna Derkacheva, Eric Rignot, Pietro Milillo, Enrico Ciraci, Luigi Dini, and Anders Bjørk
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-16,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-16, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: final response, 2 comments)
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We detect for the first time a dramatic retreat of the grounding line of Petermann glacier, a major glacier of the Greenland Ice Sheet. This was followed by a speed up of the glacier and a fracturation of the ice shelf. This sequence of events is also coherent with ocean warming in this region and suggests that Petermann has initiated a phase of destabilization, which is of prime importance for the stability and future contribution of the Greenland ice sheet to sea level rise.
Erik Schytt Mannerfelt, Amaury Dehecq, Romain Hugonnet, Elias Hodel, Matthias Huss, Andreas Bauder, and Daniel Farinotti
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-14,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-14, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 3 comments)
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How glaciers respond to climate change is well-known over the last 20 years, but earlier data are much more scarce. We change this in Swizerland by using 22,000 photographs taken from mountain-tops between the first and second world wars, and find a halving of Swiss glacier volume since 1931. This was done through new automated processing techniques that we created. The data are interesting for more than just glaciers, such as mapping forest changes, landslides, and human impacts on the terrain.
Jonathan P. Conway, Jakob Abermann, Liss M. Andreassen, M. Farooq Azam, Nicolas J. Cullen, Noel Fitzpatrick, Rianne Giesen, Kirsty Langley, Shelley MacDonell, Thomas Mölg, Valentina Radic, Carleen H. Reijmer, and Jean-Emmanuel Sicart
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-24,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-24, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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We used data from automatic weather stations on 16 glaciers to show how clouds influence glacier melt in different climates around the world. We found surface melt was always more frequent when it was cloudy but was not universally faster or slower than when there were clear-skies. Also, clouds were related to air temperature in opposite ways in different climates – warmer during cloud in cold climates and vice versa. These results will help us improve how we model past and future glacier melt.
Jonathan Kingslake, Robert Skarbek, Elizabeth Case, and Christine McCarthy
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-13,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-13, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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Firn is snow that has persisted for at least one full year on the surface of a glacier or ice sheet. It is an intermediate substance between snow and glacial ice. Firn compacts into glacial ice due to the weight of overlying snow and firn. The rate at which it compacts and the rate at which it is buried control how thick the firn layer is. We explore how this thickness depends on the rate of snow fall and how this dependence is controlled by the size of snow grains at the ice-sheet surface.
Joseph A. MacGregor, Winnie Chu, William T. Colgan, Mark A. Fahnestock, Denis Felikson, Nanna B. Karlsson, Sophie M. J. Nowicki, and Michael Studinger
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-40,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-40, 2022
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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Where the bottom of the Greenland Ice Sheet is frozen and where it is thawed is not well known, yet knowing this state is increasingly important to interpret modern changes in ice flow there. We produced a second synthesis of knowledge of the basal thermal state of the ice sheet using airborne and satellite observations and numerical models. About one third of the ice sheet’s bed is likely thawed, slightly more than one third is likely frozen, and the remainder is too uncertain to specify.